In recent research, MWCNTs and carbon black were mixed with the butadiene/natural rubber to form a hybrid composite which gives very strong filler links by partial replacement of carbon black based on the m1:m2:X (m1—MWCNT; m2—reduction amount of carbon black; X-varies from 1 to 6) [40,64]. An internal blending mixer and two-roll milling were used to formulate the composites. The synergistic effect plays a major role in improving the abrasion resistance property due to the partial replacement of carbon black by adding MWCNTs in different ratios. The optimal ratio value of MWCNTs is 5 (parts per hundred of rubber) and 27.5 (parts per hundred of rubber) for carbon black with better resistant to abrasion compared to the matrix material [64]. The vulcanized hybrid composite material reinforced with MWCNT/carbon black at the ratio of 1:1 shows better mechanical properties, curing characteristics, and thermal conductivity. This shows a better tyre thread with an improved endurance life, less curing time, and improved thermal conductivity [42,64]. Fig. 4.4 shows the SEM and TEM images of uncured and cured rubber and Figs. 4.5 and 4.6 show the application of rubber nanocomposites in a tyre application.
- Oil seals are typically made from high-quality materials such as synthetic rubber, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or metals like stainless steel. These materials are chosen for their ability to withstand the harsh environments where oil seals are commonly used. For instance, a rubber oil seal might comprise 20% synthetic rubber, imbuing it with the necessary flexibility and resilience to form a tight barrier against oil. Meanwhile, a metal oil seal could consist of 30% stainless steel to provide strength and durability.
5. TYPES OF FLUID: Numerous oil seals can interact with oils, fuels, grease, water and more. However, know exactly what type of fluid the rotary shaft seal will be in contact with will ensure the longevity of the seal and the machinery.

What is an oil seal and how does it work?
Introduction

When installing a product, people often ignore the instructions because there is an idea that we can do it ourselves. However, oil seals are fragile devices that require attention and specific instructions to be followed before and after use.
Mechanical seals, like oil seals, can be easily damaged during installation. Taking the time to read the installation manual will provide you with step-by-step information on the correct installation or replacement of oil seals.
Standard springs are made of carbon steel. We use stainless-steel springs for our GR and GRST oil seals made from FKM rubber. In some rare cases, an O-ring is even used as a spring element. Standard PTFE lip seals are not fitted with springs.
